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SAJ typically stands for "Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement," a medical procedure used to treat aortic valve disease, a condition characterized by abnormalities in the structure or function of the aortic valve, which regulates blood flow from the heart's left ventricle to the aorta. During SAJ, the diseased aortic valve is surgically removed and replaced with a prosthetic valve made of biocompatible materials such as mechanical valves or biological tissue from human or animal donors. SAJ is indicated for patients with severe aortic valve stenosis (narrowing) or regurgitation (leakage) who experience symptoms such as chest pain, shortness of breath, fatigue, or fainting episodes, and who have failed to respond to conservative medical management. The procedure is typically performed under general anesthesia using open-heart surgery techniques, although minimally invasive approaches such as transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) may be considered for select patients who are at high risk for complications or who prefer less invasive treatment options. SAJ aims to restore normal blood flow through the aortic valve, relieve symptoms, improve cardiac function, and prolong survival in patients with severe aortic valve disease. While SAJ is associated with risks such as bleeding, infection, stroke, and complications related to anesthesia and surgery, it remains a widely used and effective treatment option for eligible patients with symptomatic aortic valve disease, offering the potential for significant improvements in quality of life and long-term outcomes.